Precursors Prior to Type Iin Supernova Explosions Are Common: Precursor Rates, Properties, and Correlations

نویسنده

  • ERAN O. OFEK
چکیده

There is a growing number of supernovae (SNe), mainly of Type IIn, which present an outburst prior to their presumably final explosion. These precursors may affect the SN display, and are likely related to some poorly charted phenomena in the final stages of stellar evolution. Here we present a sample of 16 nearby Type IIn SNe for which we have Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) observations obtained prior to the SN explosion. By coadding these images taken prior to the explosion in time bins, we search for precursor events. We find five Type IIn SNe that likely have at least one possible precursor event (PTF 10bjb; SN 2010mc [PTF 10tel]; PTF 10weh; SN 2011ht; PTF 12cxj), three of which are reported here for the first time. For each SN we calculate the control time (i.e., the amount of time our survey was able to detect an event brighter than a given luminosity). Based on this analysis we find that precursor events among SNe IIn are common: assuming a homogeneous population, at the one-sided 99% confidence level, more than 50% of SNe IIn have at least one pre-explosion outburst that is brighter than 3×107 L⊙ (absolute magnitude −14) taking place up to 1/3 yr prior to the SN explosion. The average rate of such precursor events during the year prior to the SN explosion is likely larger than one per year (i.e., multiple events per SN per year), and fainter precursors are possibly even more common. We also find possible correlations between the integrated luminosity of the precursor, and the SN total radiated energy, peak luminosity, and rise time. These correlations are expected if the precursors are mass-ejection events, and the early-time light curve of these SNe is powered by interaction of the SN shock and ejecta with optically thick circumstellar material. Subject headings: stars: mass-loss — supernovae: general — supernovae: individual: SN 2010mc, PTF 10bjb, SN 2011ht, PTF 10weh, PTF 12cxj, SN 2009ip

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تاریخ انتشار 2014